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  13. <text:p><text:span text:style-name="T11">2 Quantifying Fuel-Saving Opportunities from Specific Driving <w:br/>Behavior Changes <w:br/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T12">2.1 </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T13">Savings from Improving Individual Driving Profiles</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T12"> <w:br/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T14">2.1.1 Drive Profile Subsample from Real-World Travel Survey <w:br/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15">The interim report (Gonder et al. 2010) included results from detailed analyses on five cycles <w:br/>selected from a large set of real-world global positioning system (GPS) travel data collected in <w:br/>2006 as part of a study by the Texas Transportation Institute and the Texas Department of <w:br/>Transportation (Ojah and Pearson 2008). The cycles were selected to reflect a range of kinetic <w:br/>intensity (KI) values. (KI represents a ratio of characteristic acceleration to aerodynamic speed <w:br/>and has been shown to be a useful drive cycle classification parameter [O&#x2019;Keefe et al. 2007].) <w:br/>To determine the maximum possible cycle improvement fuel savings, the real-world cycles were <w:br/>converted into equivalent &#x201c;ideal&#x201d; cycles using the following steps: <w:br/>1.</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T16"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15"> Calculate the trip distance of each sample trip. <w:br/>2.</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T16"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15"> Eliminate stop-and-go and idling within each trip. <w:br/>3.</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T16"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15"> Set the acceleration rate to 3 mph/s. <w:br/>4.</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T16"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15"> Set the cruising speed to 40 mph. <w:br/>5.</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T16"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15"> Continue cruising at 40 mph until the trip distance is reached. <w:br/>To compare vehicle simulations over each real-world cycle and its corresponding ideal cycle, a <w:br/>midsize conventional vehicle model from a previous NREL study was used (Earleywine et al. <w:br/>2010). The results indicated a fuel savings potential of roughly 60% for the drive profiles with <w:br/>either very high or very low KI and of 30%&#x2013;40% for the cycles with moderate KI values. <w:br/>Table 2-1 takes the analysis of these five cycles from the interim report a step further by <w:br/>examining the impact of the optimization steps one at a time in isolation. As indicated by other <w:br/>simulations from the interim report (Gonder et al. 2010), acceleration rate reductions can deliver <w:br/>some small fuel savings, but avoiding accelerations and decelerations (accel/decel) altogether <w:br/>saves larger amounts of fuel. This suggests that driving style improvements should focus on <w:br/>reducing the number of stops in high KI cycles, and not just the rate of accelerating out of a stop. <w:br/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T17">Table 2-1. Simulated fuel savings from isolated cycle improvements <w:br/></text:span></text:p>
  14. <table:table text:style-name="extract.table" table:name="extract.table.1">
  15. <table:table-columns>
  16. <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
  17. <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
  18. <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
  19. <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
  20. <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
  21. <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
  22. <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
  23. </table:table-columns>
  24. <table:table-row>
  25. <table:table-cell table:number-rows-spanned="2">
  26. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Cycle Name </text:span></text:p>
  27. </table:table-cell>
  28. <table:table-cell table:number-rows-spanned="2">
  29. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="center"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">KI (1/km) </text:span></text:p>
  30. </table:table-cell>
  31. <table:table-cell table:number-rows-spanned="2">
  32. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="center"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Distance (mi) </text:span></text:p>
  33. </table:table-cell>
  34. <table:table-cell table:number-columns-spanned="4">
  35. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Percent Fuel Savings </text:span></text:p>
  36. </table:table-cell>
  37. <table:covered-table-cell/>
  38. <table:covered-table-cell/>
  39. <table:covered-table-cell/>
  40. </table:table-row>
  41. <table:table-row>
  42. <table:covered-table-cell/>
  43. <table:covered-table-cell/>
  44. <table:covered-table-cell/>
  45. <table:table-cell>
  46. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="center"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Improved Speed </text:span></text:p>
  47. </table:table-cell>
  48. <table:table-cell>
  49. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="center"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Decreased Accel </text:span></text:p>
  50. </table:table-cell>
  51. <table:table-cell>
  52. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="center"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Eliminate Stops </text:span></text:p>
  53. </table:table-cell>
  54. <table:table-cell>
  55. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="center"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Decreased Idle </text:span></text:p>
  56. </table:table-cell>
  57. </table:table-row>
  58. <table:table-row>
  59. <table:table-cell>
  60. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2012_2 </text:span></text:p>
  61. </table:table-cell>
  62. <table:table-cell>
  63. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">3.30 </text:span></text:p>
  64. </table:table-cell>
  65. <table:table-cell>
  66. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">1.3 </text:span></text:p>
  67. </table:table-cell>
  68. <table:table-cell>
  69. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">5.9% </text:span></text:p>
  70. </table:table-cell>
  71. <table:table-cell>
  72. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">9.5% </text:span></text:p>
  73. </table:table-cell>
  74. <table:table-cell>
  75. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">29.2% </text:span></text:p>
  76. </table:table-cell>
  77. <table:table-cell>
  78. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">17.4% </text:span></text:p>
  79. </table:table-cell>
  80. </table:table-row>
  81. <table:table-row>
  82. <table:table-cell>
  83. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2145_1 </text:span></text:p>
  84. </table:table-cell>
  85. <table:table-cell>
  86. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.68 </text:span></text:p>
  87. </table:table-cell>
  88. <table:table-cell>
  89. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">11.2 </text:span></text:p>
  90. </table:table-cell>
  91. <table:table-cell>
  92. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2.4% </text:span></text:p>
  93. </table:table-cell>
  94. <table:table-cell>
  95. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.1% </text:span></text:p>
  96. </table:table-cell>
  97. <table:table-cell>
  98. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">9.5% </text:span></text:p>
  99. </table:table-cell>
  100. <table:table-cell>
  101. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2.7% </text:span></text:p>
  102. </table:table-cell>
  103. </table:table-row>
  104. <table:table-row>
  105. <table:table-cell>
  106. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">4234_1 </text:span></text:p>
  107. </table:table-cell>
  108. <table:table-cell>
  109. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.59 </text:span></text:p>
  110. </table:table-cell>
  111. <table:table-cell>
  112. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">58.7 </text:span></text:p>
  113. </table:table-cell>
  114. <table:table-cell>
  115. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">8.5% </text:span></text:p>
  116. </table:table-cell>
  117. <table:table-cell>
  118. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">1.3% </text:span></text:p>
  119. </table:table-cell>
  120. <table:table-cell>
  121. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">8.5% </text:span></text:p>
  122. </table:table-cell>
  123. <table:table-cell>
  124. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">3.3% </text:span></text:p>
  125. </table:table-cell>
  126. </table:table-row>
  127. <table:table-row>
  128. <table:table-cell>
  129. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2032_2 </text:span></text:p>
  130. </table:table-cell>
  131. <table:table-cell>
  132. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.17 </text:span></text:p>
  133. </table:table-cell>
  134. <table:table-cell>
  135. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">57.8 </text:span></text:p>
  136. </table:table-cell>
  137. <table:table-cell>
  138. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">21.7% </text:span></text:p>
  139. </table:table-cell>
  140. <table:table-cell>
  141. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.3% </text:span></text:p>
  142. </table:table-cell>
  143. <table:table-cell>
  144. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2.7% </text:span></text:p>
  145. </table:table-cell>
  146. <table:table-cell>
  147. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">1.2% </text:span></text:p>
  148. </table:table-cell>
  149. </table:table-row>
  150. <table:table-row>
  151. <table:table-cell>
  152. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">4171_1 </text:span></text:p>
  153. </table:table-cell>
  154. <table:table-cell>
  155. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.07 </text:span></text:p>
  156. </table:table-cell>
  157. <table:table-cell>
  158. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">173.9 </text:span></text:p>
  159. </table:table-cell>
  160. <table:table-cell>
  161. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">58.1% </text:span></text:p>
  162. </table:table-cell>
  163. <table:table-cell>
  164. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">1.6% </text:span></text:p>
  165. </table:table-cell>
  166. <table:table-cell>
  167. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2.1% </text:span></text:p>
  168. </table:table-cell>
  169. <table:table-cell>
  170. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.5% </text:span></text:p>
  171. </table:table-cell>
  172. </table:table-row>
  173. </table:table>
  174. <text:p><text:span text:style-name="T19"> <w:br/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15">Figure 2-1 extends the analysis from eliminating stops for the five example cycles and examines <w:br/>the additional benefit from avoiding slow-and-go driving below various speed thresholds. <w:br/>3 <w:br/></text:span></text:p>
  175. <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T15"> </text:span></text:p></office:text></office:body></office:document-content>