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- <office:body><office:text><text:sequence-decls><text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="0" text:name="Illustration"/><text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="0" text:name="Table"/><text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="0" text:name="Text"/><text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="0" text:name="Drawing"/><text:sequence-decl text:display-outline-level="0" text:name="Figure"/></text:sequence-decls><text:p text:style-name="Standard"/>
- <text:p><text:span text:style-name="T11">2 Quantifying Fuel-Saving Opportunities from Specific Driving <w:br/>Behavior Changes <w:br/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T12">2.1 </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T13">Savings from Improving Individual Driving Profiles</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T12"> <w:br/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T14">2.1.1 Drive Profile Subsample from Real-World Travel Survey <w:br/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15">The interim report (Gonder et al. 2010) included results from detailed analyses on five cycles <w:br/>selected from a large set of real-world global positioning system (GPS) travel data collected in <w:br/>2006 as part of a study by the Texas Transportation Institute and the Texas Department of <w:br/>Transportation (Ojah and Pearson 2008). The cycles were selected to reflect a range of kinetic <w:br/>intensity (KI) values. (KI represents a ratio of characteristic acceleration to aerodynamic speed <w:br/>and has been shown to be a useful drive cycle classification parameter [O’Keefe et al. 2007].) <w:br/>To determine the maximum possible cycle improvement fuel savings, the real-world cycles were <w:br/>converted into equivalent “ideal” cycles using the following steps: <w:br/>1.</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T16"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15"> Calculate the trip distance of each sample trip. <w:br/>2.</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T16"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15"> Eliminate stop-and-go and idling within each trip. <w:br/>3.</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T16"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15"> Set the acceleration rate to 3 mph/s. <w:br/>4.</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T16"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15"> Set the cruising speed to 40 mph. <w:br/>5.</text:span><text:span text:style-name="T16"> </text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15"> Continue cruising at 40 mph until the trip distance is reached. <w:br/>To compare vehicle simulations over each real-world cycle and its corresponding ideal cycle, a <w:br/>midsize conventional vehicle model from a previous NREL study was used (Earleywine et al. <w:br/>2010). The results indicated a fuel savings potential of roughly 60% for the drive profiles with <w:br/>either very high or very low KI and of 30%–40% for the cycles with moderate KI values. <w:br/>Table 2-1 takes the analysis of these five cycles from the interim report a step further by <w:br/>examining the impact of the optimization steps one at a time in isolation. As indicated by other <w:br/>simulations from the interim report (Gonder et al. 2010), acceleration rate reductions can deliver <w:br/>some small fuel savings, but avoiding accelerations and decelerations (accel/decel) altogether <w:br/>saves larger amounts of fuel. This suggests that driving style improvements should focus on <w:br/>reducing the number of stops in high KI cycles, and not just the rate of accelerating out of a stop. <w:br/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T17">Table 2-1. Simulated fuel savings from isolated cycle improvements <w:br/></text:span></text:p>
- <table:table text:style-name="extract.table" table:name="extract.table.1">
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- <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
- <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
- <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
- <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
- <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
- <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
- <table:table-column table:style-name="extract.table.column"/>
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- <table:table-row>
- <table:table-cell table:number-rows-spanned="2">
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Cycle Name </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell table:number-rows-spanned="2">
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="center"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">KI (1/km) </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell table:number-rows-spanned="2">
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="center"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Distance (mi) </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell table:number-columns-spanned="4">
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Percent Fuel Savings </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:covered-table-cell/>
- <table:covered-table-cell/>
- <table:covered-table-cell/>
- </table:table-row>
- <table:table-row>
- <table:covered-table-cell/>
- <table:covered-table-cell/>
- <table:covered-table-cell/>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="center"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Improved Speed </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="center"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Decreased Accel </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="center"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Eliminate Stops </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="center"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T17">Decreased Idle </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- </table:table-row>
- <table:table-row>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2012_2 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">3.30 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">1.3 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">5.9% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">9.5% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">29.2% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">17.4% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- </table:table-row>
- <table:table-row>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2145_1 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.68 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">11.2 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2.4% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.1% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">9.5% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2.7% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- </table:table-row>
- <table:table-row>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">4234_1 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.59 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">58.7 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">8.5% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">1.3% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">8.5% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">3.3% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- </table:table-row>
- <table:table-row>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2032_2 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.17 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">57.8 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">21.7% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.3% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2.7% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">1.2% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- </table:table-row>
- <table:table-row>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">4171_1 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.07 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">173.9 </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">58.1% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">1.6% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">2.1% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- <table:table-cell>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T18">0.5% </text:span></text:p>
- </table:table-cell>
- </table:table-row>
- </table:table>
- <text:p><text:span text:style-name="T19"> <w:br/></text:span><text:span text:style-name="T15">Figure 2-1 extends the analysis from eliminating stops for the five example cycles and examines <w:br/>the additional benefit from avoiding slow-and-go driving below various speed thresholds. <w:br/>3 <w:br/></text:span></text:p>
- <text:p><w:pPr><w:jc w:val="both"/></w:pPr><text:span text:style-name="T15"> </text:span></text:p></office:text></office:body></office:document-content>
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